Ahoɔden ne afɛfɛde a wɔaka abom: dade nhyehyɛe ho nhyehyɛe .
Mfiridwuma mu nneɛma soronko ne afɛfɛde a ɛyɛ fɛ a ɛyɛ .Dade a Wɔde Yɛ Nneɛma Adan .ayɛ nnɛyi nkurow akɛse mu adansi ho nhyehyɛe foforo. Yɛbɛma nimdeɛ titiriw a ɛwɔ . Dade a Wɔde Yɛ Nneɛma Adan .Architecture from three dimensions: Design Principles, Structural forms, ne Optimization Directions, na yɛhwehwɛ sɛnea ɛde nneɛma pii a ebetumi aba ma architectural space denam "ahoɔden" ne "aesthetics" a ɛkari pɛ so.
Nsusuwii nnyinasosɛm ahorow a ɛfa dade nhyehyɛe ho: ntease ne adwumayɛ tweatibo .
Nneɛma titiriw a ɛwɔ dade nhyehyɛe ahorow mu .
Adansibea ahorow di gyinabea titiriw wɔ nnɛyi adansi mu esiane wɔn su a ɛne .Nneɛma a emu yɛ hare, ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn, asasewosow a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye, ne ahoɔden a wɔkora so ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho banbɔ .. Saa nneɛma yi ma wotumi di adan ho adwuma ahwehwɛde ahorow a ɛyɛ den a ɛwɔ hɔ no ho dwuma bere a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye wɔ adansi no mu mmɔdenbɔ ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so nkɛntɛnso ho.
Nsusuwii ne adansi nhyehyɛe a ɛfa dade adan ho .
Nneɛma a wɔyɛ no, efi .Nhyehyɛe a edi kan .kɔƆdansi ho mfoniniyɛ ho nhyehyɛe ., afei sɛ .Component Processing .neWɔ-beae no so ., no wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse:
- Nhyehyɛe no fã: Fa w’adwene si sɛnea adansi kwan ne ɔdansi nhyehyɛe no tumi sesa so;
- Design Stage: Hwɛ sɛ ahobammɔ ne ntease wom denam .Structural akontaabu ne node nhyehyɛe .;
- Ɔdansi no fã: Fa wo ho to so .Nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ .Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobenya nhyiam a etu mpɔn, na wɔadi engineering quality acceptance specifications a ɛfa ho akyi pɛpɛɛpɛ de ahyɛ quality so.
Ahwehwɛde atitiriw a ɛfa dade nhyehyɛe ho nhyehyɛe ho .
Sɛ wɔreyɛ adan ho nhyehyɛe a, ɛsɛ sɛ wosusuw nneɛma pii ho wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so:
- ka nnwuma ankasa ne nhyehyɛe mu su ahorow bom, na .Paw nhyehyɛe nhyehyɛe, nneɛma, adeyɛ mu nkɛntɛnso nhwehwɛmu, ne adansi ho nhyehyɛe ahorow a ntease wom .;
- hwɛ hu sɛ nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu no yɛ den, ɛyɛ den, na ɛyɛ den wɔ .Nneɛma a wɔde fa nnipa, nea wɔde si hɔ, ne nea wɔde di dwuma no kyinhyia nyinaa .;
- HyiaAnti-nsɛm a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ, ogya ho banbɔ, ne nea wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wosiesie ., bere a wɔkari pɛ wɔ "standardized generality" ne "economy" mu na ama wɔatew nneɛma a wɔyɛ ne nea wɔde si hɔ no so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ yiye biara;
- Ɛsɛ sɛ nkrataa a wɔayɛ ho nhyehyɛe no ma nsɛm atitiriw te sɛ .Ɔsom asetra, dade grade, nkitahodi nneɛma nhwɛso, ne mfiridwuma adwumayɛ ho ahwehwɛde ahorow ., na weld form ne quality grade nso hia sɛ edi nsɛm a wɔakyerɛw no akyi pɛpɛɛpɛ.
Dade nhyehyɛe vs. kɔnkrit nhyehyɛe: adwumayɛ mu ntotoho a emu da hɔ .
| Ntotoho dimension . | Kɔnkreti nhyehyɛe . | Dadeɛ a wɔde yɛ adwuma . |
|---|---|---|
| Nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu . | Ɛyɛ papa wɔ nhyɛso mu, ɛyɛ mmerɛw wɔ nhyɛso mu (ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔhyɛ no den) . | Ɛyɛ papa wɔ nhyɛso ne nhyɛso nyinaa mu, ductility pa . |
| Structural stability . | Anti-AKWAN A WƆFA SO TU NE ANTI-TORSION gyina ade a ɛwɔ mu nyinaa so . | a ɛyɛ den wɔ torsion (buckling), shock absorption, ne tew a wɔtew wɔn ho . |
| Component form . | Mpaapaemu . | mpaapaemu biara nni hɔ . |
| Nsusuwii ho nsusuwii . | Fomula-gyina (titiriw no, empirical derivation) . | Nsusuwii mu nnyinaso a emu yɛ den (a mfiridwuma nnyinasosɛm ahorow pii boa) . |
| Node nhyehyɛe . | Rigid node nhyehyɛe . | Node nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ mmerɛw (ɛhwehwɛ sɛ anti-nkitahodi ne ɔbrɛ a ɛko tia) . |
| Self-mu duru ne nea ɛyɛ den . | Ɔhoɔden kɛse-mu duru, ɛyɛ papa sɛ ɛbɛtra hɔ akyɛ . | Light self-mu duru, ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wosiesie esiane nsɛe a ɛnyɛ den nti . |
Saa adwumayɛ mu nsonsonoeɛ yi kyerɛ sɛ adan no fata kɛseɛ ma kɛseɛ-span, kɛseɛ-ahunmu, ne complex-a wɔayɛ no sɛ adansiɛ ho nsɛm, berɛ a kɔnkrit adan da so ara wɔ mfasoɔ a ɛne no hyia wɔ adan a wɔtaa si mu.
Dadeɛ nhyehyɛɛ a ɛtaa ba ne dwumadie: adebɔ mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛwɔ ahodoɔ ahodoɔ .
Dadeɛ dan adan yɛ "plastic" kɛseɛ, ɛnya adansiɛ ahodoɔ a ɛbɛtumi adi adansiɛ ahiadeɛ ahodoɔ ho dwuma:
Nneɛma a wɔtaa de yɛ dade nhyehyɛe ahorow .
- Multi-storey ne soro-Sra adan nhyehyɛe .: Frame structures, frame-Nhyehyɛe a wɔboa, frame-core tube systems, hybrid structures, ne nea ɛkeka ho, yɛ nneɛma a wɔtaa paw ma aguadi adan ne adwumayɛbea adan;
- Nneɛma a ɛyɛ mmerɛw .: Suspension cable structures, cable-tra structures, string structures, cable dome structures, cable-membrane structures, ne nea ɛkeka ho, yɛ icicnic roofs ma gymnasium ne exhibition centers a "hann, mmerɛw, ne fɛ" gyina hɔ
- Ahunmu truss nhyehyɛe .: dodow no ara a wɔde di dwuma ma ɔdan atifi nkataso, a ɛyɛ kɛse-span coverage denam daa nkabom a ɛyɛ abaa so;
- Truss nhyehyɛe .: Wɔde di dwuma kɛse, a ɛte sɛ "hollow beams and columns", a ɛtaa pue wɔ kɛse-span beams, ɔdan atifi nkataso, ne footbridges mu;
- Latticed shell nhyehyɛe .: Wɔde di dwuma kɛse ma mpɔtam hɔ kataso, ɔdan atifi kataso, ne ɔdan no atifi, a emu yɛ hare na ɛyɛ daa, te sɛ apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ dan wɔ sukuupɔn ahorow bi mu;
- Nneɛma afoforo a wɔahyehyɛ .: Wɔde di dwuma ma adwumayɛbea ahorow anaa bere tiaa mu adan, na adan bi a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ nso gyina dade adan so na ama wɔanya akwan soronko so.
Tumi a ɛtaa ba a ɛyɛ dade a wɔde yɛ nneɛma .
Sɛ woreyɛ kɛse-span ne dade nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ den a, ɛsɛ sɛ wode w’adwene si saa ahoɔden ntease ahorow yi so:
- Nhwehwɛmu a ɛkɔ akyiri a wɔaka abom ne wimhyɛn nsusuwii, span, adesoa, ne nea ɛkeka ho, de ahwɛ ahu sɛ .Nteaseɛ tumi transmission kwan ne ne nyinaa gyinabea ., na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma wimhyɛn nhyehyɛe ahorow no fi-of-plane mmoa;
- prestressed kɛse-span dade nhyehyɛe ahorow no ɛsɛ sɛ ɛhwehwɛ .Prestress kyekyɛ a ɛwɔ nhama/rods mu .sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkwati nhyehyɛe mu huammɔdi a ɛnam nhama ankorankoro a ɛyɛ mmerɛw so ba;
- Arch structures, single{}}layer latticed shells, ne nea ɛkeka ho, a ɛyɛ nea wɔahyɛ no den titiriw, hia sɛ ɛfa .Nonlinear stability nhwehwɛmu .;
- Large-span structures a ɛwɔ seismic mmeae no hia sɛ wosusuw ho .Asasewosow ho nsunsuanso a ɛkɔ soro ne nea ɛkɔ fam ., ne kɛse-Span fam nhyehyɛe ahorow hia sɛ wodi ahotɔ ahwehwɛde ahorow ho dwuma;
- Large-span anaasɛ prestressed structures a ɛwɔ adansi a ɛyɛ den no hia sɛ ɛfa .Ɔdansi nhyehyɛe mu nhwehwɛmu ..
Nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛkɔ akyiri a ɛfa dade nhyehyɛe a wɔtaa yɛ ho .
Multi-storey ne soro-Si dade nhyehyɛe nhyehyɛe .
- Mfasoɔ (sɛ wɔde toto kɔnkrit ho a): Hann ankasa-mu duru, ntɛmntɛm wɔ-site adansi ahoɔhare so, nnua a ɛnyɛ den, adum, ne mmoa, a ɛyɛ mmerɛw ma nneɛma a wɔyɛ, akwantuo, ne nea wɔde si hɔ;
- Mfomso: Mpɛn pii no, ɛho ka yɛ den, ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wosiesie esiane sɛ ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ ɛbɛsɛe nti, ɛho hia sɛ wɔde nneɛma foforo siesie hɔ ma adan ahorow bi, na dade a wɔde yɛ nnua a ɛrehuruhuruw no yɛ mmerɛw;
- Nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma: Kɛse-Amanfo adan a ɛyɛ fɛ, mfiridwuma mu afifide, ne adan a ɛwɔ ahwehwɛde soronko a ɛfa ahunmu ne nsusuwii ho (te sɛ agoprama, aguadidan ahorow, apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ dan).
Nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ mmerɛw .
- Mfaso: sikasɛm mu wɔ dade a wɔde di dwuma mu, wɔde di dwuma kɛse, ɛyɛ hare na ɛyɛ fɛ, a ɛyɛ fɛ yiye a ɛyɛ mmerɛw;
- Mfomso: Adansi a ɛyɛ den, mfiridwuma ho ahwehwɛde a ɛkorɔn, adetɔ ho kyinhyia tenten, ɛka kɛse, ne nhwehwɛmu ne nsiesie a wɔhwehwɛ daa;
- Nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma: akɛse{0}}adan atifi a ɛyɛ span, "adwinni" adan a ɛyɛ fɛ a ɛyɛ adan a ɛyɛ fɛ.
Ahunmu truss nhyehyɛe .
- Mfasoɔ: Mmoa nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ ɛbɛhyehyɛ, abaa baako a ɛyɛ hare, ɛnyɛ den mma mpaapaemu ne nhyiamu;
- Mfomso: Large on-site welding adwuma dodow, ahoɔden nsɛntitiriw nkutoo wɔ nodes, ɛka kɛse a wɔbɔ wɔ bere tiaa mu mmoa a wɔde ma mpaapaemu ne nhyiam, ahwehwɛde a ɛkorɔn a ɛfa hoisting nyinaa ho, dodow no ara de di dwuma wɔ gyinabea ahorow a ɛwɔ span akɛse, ɛka kɛse;
- Nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma: Ɔdan atifi a wɔde kata so, mezzanine platforms.
Latticed shell nhyehyɛe .
- Mfaso: sikasɛm mu wɔ dade a wɔde di dwuma mu, betumi ayɛ mmeae akɛse a ɛwɔ abaa nketewa, titiriw no, ɛho nhia sɛ wɔde mfiri titiriw biara a wɔde fa nsu mu di dwuma;
- Mfomsoɔ: Anohyetoɔ akɛseɛ a ɛfa nsusuiɛ ho, ahoɔden nsɛntitiriw wɔ nodes nko ara so, nhyehyɛeɛ ahwehwɛdeɛ a ɛkorɔn, asiane kɛseɛ berɛ a nsusuiɛ adesoa ne ɔsom adesoa no nhyia, ɛka kɛseɛ a wɔbɔ wɔ berɛ tiaa mu mmoa a wɔde ma wɔn a wɔpaapae ne nhyiamu ho, ahwehwɛdeɛ a ɛkorɔn a ɛfa hoisting nyinaa ho, na mpɔtam hɔ adesoa kɛseɛ biara mma ho kwan
- Nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma: Ɔdan no atifi anaa ɔdan atifi nkataso (te sɛ mmeae bi a wɔde nneɛma kyerɛ, sinidan mu nkataso).
Truss nhyehyɛe .
- Mfasoɔ: Nneɛma a ɛyɛ mmerɛ a wɔde besisi hɔ, aplikeshɔn a ɛtrɛ, a ɛfata ma nnua ne adum a ɛwɔ span akɛseɛ;
- Mfomso: Ahwehwɛde ahorow a ɛfa mmoa ho, a ɛfata ma biako-kwan ahoɔden, dade a wɔde di dwuma kɛse;
- Nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma: kɛse{0}}Span beams, kɛse-Span ɔdan atifi kataso, keteke platforms, platforms, anammɔntufo bridges, ne nea ɛkeka ho.
Optimization akwankyerɛ a ɛfa dade nhyehyɛe ho nhyehyɛe ho: kari pɛ a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye ne sikasɛm .
Sikasɛm mu nkɛntɛnso nneɛma a ɛwɔ dade nhyehyɛe mu nipadua titiriw .
Adan ahorow ahorow wɔ sikasɛm mu nkate ahorow:
- Dade a wɔde yɛ: nea ɛka ho kɛse .Ɔsorokɔ, span, asasewosow ahoɔden, adesoa, mframa adesoa, ne akontaabu kwan .;
- Space truss, latticed shell, truss: ɛka no kɛse .span, mframa adesoa, mmoa kwan, ɔhyew nkɛntɛnso, ne asasewosow ahoɔden .;
- Cable Structure: Nea ɛka nneɛma a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no ho no, ɛne .Component hia a ɛho hia ne nneɛma a wɔhwehwɛ .;
- Dadeɛ a wɔde di dwuma ntotoho (firi kɛseɛ kɔsi ketewa): Frame beam > truss structure > Space truss > latticed shell > cable.
Optimization akwan a wɔfa so yɛ dade nhyehyɛe nhyehyɛe .
- Wobetumi ayɛ kɔnkrit adan no yiye ma ayɛ dade adan (te sɛ nea ɛwɔ tebea horow te sɛ formwork a ɛkorɔn ne mezzanine spaces mu);
- trusses, space trusses, ne structures a ɛyɛ mmerɛw betumi ayɛ .Wɔ nsusuwii mu no, wɔsesa ., na ɛsɛ sɛ nea wɔpaw pɔtee no gyina ɛka ne adansi tebea so (dade a wɔde di dwuma kɛse: truss structure > latticed shell > cable);
- Wobetumi asesa dadeɛ a ɛyɛ kɛseɛ-span ne trusses;
- Dadeɛ a wɔde kɔnkrit ahyɛ mu den adum no ntrɛ nkɔ fapem no ase, na sɛ kɔnkrit a ɛwɔ kɔnkrit-dadeɛ a wɔde ayɛ afiri a ɛyɛ ma no yɛ dadeɛ dua a, wɔbɛtumi ayi kɔnkrit no fã bi nso afiri hɔ;
- Nkontaabu akwan ne hye tebea horow no bɛka nea ebefi mu aba no, na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ optimization .Wɔ scope a wɔma ho kwan denam specifications so ..
Dadeɛ a wɔde yɛ adan no yɛ mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ ne adansiɛ ho adwini a wɔde afrafra. Wɔboa adansi dwumadi ahorow a "ahoɔden" wom na wɔde "aesthetics" hyehyɛ nkurow akɛse mu asase agyiraehyɛde ahorow.
Ɛnam nteaseɛ a emu dɔ a yɛwɔ wɔ wɔn nhyehyɛɛ nnyinasosɛm, nhyehyɛɛ ahodoɔ, ne akwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma yie ho no, yɛbɛtumi ate nkɔsoɔ kwan a ɛwɔ nnɛyi adansiɛ mu no ase yie na yɛde mfiridwuma mu mmoa kɛseɛ ama daakye adansiɛ mu nnoɔma foforɔ.